publication /hak'mem/ MIT AI Memo 239 (February 1972). A
legendary collection of neat mathematical and programming
hacks contributed by many people at MIT and elsewhere. (The
title of the memo really is "HAKMEM", which is a 6-letterism
for "hacks memo".) Some of them are very useful techniques,
powerful theorems, or interesting unsolved problems, but most
fall into the category of mathematical and computer trivia.
Here is a sampling of the entries (with authors), slightly
paraphrased:
Item 41 (Gene Salamin): There are exactly 23,000 prime numbers
less than 2^18.
Item 46 (Rich Schroeppel): The most *probable* suit
distribution in bridge hands is 4-4-3-2, as compared to
4-3-3-3, which is the most *evenly* distributed. This is
because the world likes to have unequal numbers: a
thermodynamic effect saying things will not be in the state of
lowest energy, but in the state of lowest disordered energy.
Item 81 (Rich Schroeppel): Count the magic squares of order 5
(that is, all the 5-by-5 arrangements of the numbers from 1 to
25 such that all rows, columns, and diagonals add up to the
same number). There are about 320 million, not counting those
that differ only by rotation and reflection.
Item 154 (Bill Gosper): The myth that any given programming
language is machine independent is easily exploded by
computing the sum of powers of 2. If the result loops with
period = 1 with sign +, you are on a sign-magnitude machine.
If the result loops with period = 1 at -1, you are on a
twos-complement machine. If the result loops with period
greater than 1, including the beginning, you are on a
ones-complement machine. If the result loops with period
greater than 1, not including the beginning, your machine
isn't binary - the pattern should tell you the base. If you
run out of memory, you are on a string or bignum system. If
arithmetic overflow is a fatal error, some fascist pig with a
read-only mind is trying to enforce machine independence. But
the very ability to trap overflow is machine dependent. By
this strategy, consider the universe, or, more precisely,
algebra: Let X = the sum of many powers of 2 = ...111111 (base
2). Now add X to itself: X + X = ...111110. Thus, 2X = X -
1, so X = -1. Therefore algebra is run on a machine (the
universe) that is two's-complement.
Item 174 (Bill Gosper and Stuart Nelson): 21963283741 is the
only number such that if you represent it on the
PDP-10 as
patterns of the two representations are identical.
Item 176 (Gosper): The "banana phenomenon" was encountered
when processing a character string by taking the last 3
letters typed out, searching for a random occurrence of that
sequence in the text, taking the letter following that
occurrence, typing it out, and iterating. This ensures that
every 4-letter string output occurs in the original. The
program typed BANANANANANANANA.... We note an ambiguity in
the phrase, "the Nth occurrence of." In one sense, there are
five 00's in 0000000000; in another, there are nine. The
editing program TECO finds five. Thus it finds only the first
ANA in BANANA, and is thus obligated to type N next. By
Murphy's Law, there is but one NAN, thus forcing A, and thus a
loop. An option to find overlapped instances would be useful,
although it would require backing up N - 1 characters before
seeking the next N-character string.
HAKMEM also contains some rather more complicated mathematical
and technical items, but these examples show some of its fun
flavour.
HAKMEM is available from MIT Publications as a
TIFF file.
(1996-01-19)